Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Planning for the future of industries, in an uncertain situation, needs the development of a futuristic scenario. This requires knowledge, cost and time, and it is not possible for all small and large enterprises to do this. On the other hand, sometimes existing scenarios developed at different scales and approaches can be used for stakeholders in this area. The purpose of this article is to extract the relationship between industry-level and firm level scenarios in shoes industries. First, we identified different approaches to integrate scenarios. Then, by using the PESTEL and Porter methods, and by holding semi-structured interviews with industry experts, 30 effective factors were identified on the industry and 11 factors were extracted as important and uncertain factors. Finally, by using Micmac tool, two important uncertainties that are firm's size and competiveness were identified, and by using the GBN method, the four scenarios of Flying Elephants, Santa Claus’ Summer Cotton Shoes, Dinosaurs’ Age, and All Star Headman were extracted. In the next stage, by using Sourk approach in connecting scenarios and experts’ opinions, industry level scenarios were extended to credible scenarios at the firm’ s level in small and large size in order to pave the way for better decision making by the firms’ managers. The results of this experience can be a step towards connecting and integrating scenarios.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

The following study aims to present an innovative approach for Design. Participatory Design is the model of direct involvement of different social groups in the design from functional tools to environments, social institutions and businesses. Diverse collection of practices has been developed to support this direct involvement by Participatory Design. People are invited to participate during different phases of an innovative and creative process; from initial exploration to problem definition and defining the problem and creating ideas for solutions. During development, they help evaluate proposed solutions. Participatory Design answers questions about users and their tasks and goals, then help users to make decisions. Participatory Design is characterized as a maturing area of research and as an evolving practice among designer. Architecture as a professional design are social constructs and the way for humans to consider the physical world in which they exist, and as social constructs, both reflect and shape the culture in which they arise. The authors go through the definitions of Participatory Design in order to achieve a new approache in design. various values which are inherent in the social fabrics are illustrated by emphasizing on cultural identity and activity. To illustrate the concept of this approach, landscape design of bazaar in mahallat as a case study is considered. This research will attempt to identify and analyze the local participation, and goes some way to providing practical solutions to tackle the local problems, utilizing an effective application of the principles of sustainable development on both environmental and architectural aspects.

Background: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) increasingly is being used to address health issues. Few evidence exist to indicate how builds the capacity of communities to function as health promoter and what resources are required to promote successful efforts. This article presents the result of a capacity assessment for preventing drug abuse through CBPR, which working with rather than in communities, to strengthen a community’s problem-solving capacity. For exploring the perception of stakeholders, a dynamic model of the dimensions of community and partnership capacity served as the theoretical framework.Methods: In this descriptive research, stakeholder analysis helps us to identify appropriate of stakeholders (Key stakeholders). Data were collected using a topic guide concerned with capacity for preventing drug abuse. Interviews were audiotape and transcribed. Data were analyzed thematically.Results: CBPR has been undertaken to involve local people in making decisions about the kind of change they want in their community and the allocation of resources to reduce substance abuse. We identified key stakeholders and examining their interests, resources and constraints of different stakeholders.Conclusion: The current study has shown the benefits of community-based participatory approach in assessing capacity. Through CBPR process people who affected by Drug issue engaged in analysis of their own situation and helps identity innovative solutions for their complex problem. This participatory approach to a capacity assessment resulted in a synergistic effort that provided a more accurate picture of community issues and concerns.

Security is a primary and essential right of all people in societies and citizens, and of course the concept of security must be expressed in two dimensions of mental and objective.These two dimensions affect each other completely, and can not be studied separately. In fact, the concept of "security" and understanding it in all aspects (physical, social, psychological, and....) is difficult and therefore promoting it will also be difficult.It is also clear that the army and multiplicity of police and guard forces for a space alone can not guarantee security of the city and of course designing a city al one cannot establish the security in the city. It is clear that prevention of such offenses in any way and establishing the security is more convenient and easier than defeating the crimes. But physic al and social interventions can have a parallel effect on the atmosphere and urban public space and can change the citizens' feeling safe and understanding about their environment and their actual presence in the city. But one of the factors motivating this action is the citizens themselves. They are all aware of their dangerous environment and can provide a safe environment for themselves by an active cooperation by with urban planners.

Today Deteriorated Urban Fabrics are one of the major problems which most cities have cope with them. These fabrics are those parts of the cities which have gotten rid of the life cycle of the city and have become a center of problems for them. However, Deteriorated Urban Fabrics have different potentials and opportunities. If these potentials are demystified or activated, they will be used as a driving force in city development process. Many approaches have been offered during these years to surmount this problem, but these approaches mostly have failed, as they have paid attention only to physical aspects and designer´s tendencies. Furthermore, they have not attended to resident´s needs or other aspects of this problem. As to renovation and rehabilitation of the cities is for improving quality of life, it is necessary to concern both physical and non-physical (social, economical, cultural) aspects. Residents are the major influenced of urban projects. Consequently, attending to their needs in urban projects is essential. Besides, this approach will help the projects performance too.Today Benefits of Participatory Approaches and using people participation in Renovation and Rehabilitation of Deteriorated Urban Fabrics is undeniable. Governments, decision makers and plan performers have accepted that people participation in urban matters especially in historic and deteriorated fabrics has the main role in plans performance. This approach is not only helpful in project realization, but also effective in persuading people to help performers during project process. In this case, people will become sensitive on their settlement. Hence, they will find themselves more responsible regarding their environment, so keep it well. This article with concentration on participation in Renovation and Rehabilitation of Deteriorated Urban Fabrics tries to perform abovementioned and identifies the selected participatory process in urban design. which includes three parts. The first part named as “Theoretical Basis” presents the participation description, short history and its levels. The second part named as “Participation in Practice” determines advantages of participation and explains different participatory processes.This part also presents “Sustainable Collaborative Approach” as a selected process in urban design. Finally, in the third part “Leh”, a city in Tibet, has been chosen as the case study and the Sustainable Collaborative Approach has been shown in its participatory process. This article depicts “Leh” as a successful case in performing a participatory process of deteriorated fabric and describes Sustainable Collaborative Approach in renovating this deteriorated fabric of the city. According to this research, the main goal of Sustainable Collaborative Approach is environmental sustainability and has been designed as a cycle. Sustainable Collaborative Approach is a process which can help urban designers and urban planners to perform their plans in practice. Moreover, Professionals and people are participating in all project´s levels.

Change in perspectives on rural development from “agricultural growth” to “integrated rural development” has resulted in the need to look closely at the social and cultural life of local people and the development of social policies by using a participatory approach. This article presents part of an experience within the framework of the empowerment theory. It aims to understand better the needs of rural women and their readiness to participate in developing projects and applying qualitative research methods in women’s studies. Following a group discussion in this workshop on the existing situation, their expectations for the future and how to put these into effect, rural women paid more attention to the establishment of a bank in the village as one of their needs. This article does not intend to defend this decision or evaluate its results, but this experience indicates the potential of qualitative methods in studies on rural women. It also indicates that in the present situation, the women of the village of Hesarban are mostly in the first and second stages of empowerment theory.